/*
 * Assert.hpp
 *
 *  Created on: Mar 18, 2010
 *      Author: crueger
 */

#ifndef ASSERT_HPP_
#define ASSERT_HPP_

#include<string>
#include<vector>

/**
 * \file Helpers/Assert.hpp
 * <H1> ASSERT Howto </H1>
 *
 * <H2> Introduction </H2>
 *
 * ASSERT() is a small macro that allows easier debugging, when it is widely used. The custom
 * ASSERT macro defined in this file works mainly the same way as the assert() macro that
 * is defined in the Ansi-C standard, but includes a few nice additions.
 *
 * <H3> What ASSERT() does </H3>
 *
 * ASSERT can be used to make sure that a condition that always needs to be true for the code to
 * work correctly is holding. If you have a function that takes a value greater than 0 and a value
 * smaller than 0 indicates a mistake you should always do it the following way: <br>
 * @code
 * void foo(int a) // a should be greater 0
 * {
 *  ASSERT(a>0,"Parameter passed to foo was smaller than 0");
 *  ...
 * }
 * @endcode
 *
 * (Note: some people say, that assertions like these should not be used to check function parameters.
 * This is mainly due to the reason, that a failed assertion will show up inside the function. The buggy
 * code however is at a completely different place, i.e. at the callers side. Always put the
 * Assertions as close to the code that produces the value as possible, when looking at function
 * parameters however this would mean, that any code calling foo would have an ASSERT(...) before
 * it, which makes it easy to forget the Assertion at some places. Also this makes an easy example.)
 *
 * If the condition inside the ASSERT does not evaluate to true the user is shown a message, including
 * the condition that failed, the line in which the failure was observed and the message of the assertion.
 * In the above case that would look something like this:<br>
 * @code
 * Assertion "a>0" failed in foo.cpp in line 3.
 * Assertion Message: Parameter passed to foo was smaller than 0
 * @endcode
 *
 * In normal conditions, i.e. when no default action is set (see below for default actions) the user
 * is then shown a short choice menu, on how to handle the assertion. The user can choose to abort the
 * program, throw an exception of type AssertionFailure that contains the file, line and message,
 * ignore the assertion or even to always ignore the assertion at that point (i.e. the ASSERT() macro
 * at this file and line is fully disabled).
 *
 * Both ASSERT() and assert() handle debugging in the same way, i.e. they are only used when the
 * NDEBUG macro is not defined. If the NDEBUG macro is defined, for example using a CXXFLAG then
 * all asserts and ASSERTs will be disabled in the compiled program. That way in a end-user version
 * all assertions can be removed with a single switch, thus not hassling the end-user with potential
 * bugs.
 *
 * <H2> Special functions of ASSERT() </H2>
 *
 * Compared to the standard assert() macro the custom ASSERT() contains a few special functions. As
 * first it is possible to set a global default behavior that is used anytime an assertion fails.
 * This default behavior can be either of Assert::Ask, Assert::Abort, Assert::Throw or Assert::ignore.
 * The default behavior is set using the ASSERT_DO() macro. For example if you want to check in a
 * unittest that wrong code at another point actually makes a certain assert fail you could set
 * ASSERT_DO(Assert::Throw) to make sure a exception is thrown and catch that exception using
 * the CPPUNIT_ASSERT_THROW() macro. The current set default behavior can be queried as a string
 * using the ASSERT_DEFAULT macro.
 *
 * As a second enhancement it is possible to install callback functions as hooks that will be executed
 * when an assertion aborts the program. These callback functions could for example be used to flush
 * any open streams, thus making sure files on the disk are not corrupted by a unexpected abortion.
 * It would also be possible to install functions that produce some kind of "coredump" of important
 * internal data-structures, thus giving the person looking for the bug some valuable information.
 * These assertion hooks should however not be used to clean up the reserved memory of the program,
 * because a) this memory is under normal circumstances reclaimed by the OS anyway, once the program
 * has aborted and b) the memory might still contain some hints that could be useful when running
 * the program inside a debugger and which could be destroyed by the clean-up. To use the hooking
 * mechanism you can simply use the ASSERT_HOOK() macro, passing this macro any kind of void function.
 * For example:<br/>
 * @code
 * void foo(){
 *   // produce a coredump
 *   ...
 *   // close and flush all open handles
 *   ...
 * }
 *
 * int main(int argc, char **argv){
 *   ASSERT_HOOK(foo);
 *   ...
 *   return 0;
 * }
 * @endcode
 *
 * All hooks will be executed in the reverse order of hooking, i.e. the function hooked last will be
 * executed first when the abortion is handled. It is also possible to remove a hook to any function
 * using the ASSERT_UNHOOK() macro and passing it the pointer to the function one wants to remove.
 *
 * Assertion hooks will only be executed when the program is terminated by an assertion using the
 * abort mechanism. They will not be executed when the program exits in any other way. They also
 * wont be executed when the assertion is ignored or an exception is thrown (even when the exception
 * is not caught and thus terminates the program).
 *
 * <H2> Rules for using ASSERT() </H2>
 *
 * The rules for using ASSERT() are basically the same ones that can be used as guidlines for the
 * standard assert() macro. So if you think you know those guidelines you can skip the following.
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li> ASSERT() should be used only for problems that indicate a bug, i.e. problems that can be
 * improved by rewriting parts of the program. ASSERT() should not be used to query problems that
 * can go wrong during the normal execution of the program. For example ASSERT() should not be
 * used to test whether a file could be opened, or memory could be reserved, as a failure of either
 * of those tasks can not be improved upon by rewriting the code.
 * <li> The condition in the ASSERT() macro should never contain any side-effects. Only call methods,
 * when you are absolutely certain that these methods wont have any side-effects. Calling ASSERT()
 * should in no way change the state of the program, because once the end-user version is produced
 * using the NDEBUG flag all assertions are removed and so are the conditions. If the condition did
 * cause a state transition, this state transition would be removed and the behavior of the end-user
 * and the debug version might differ. Things you should watch out for are for example<br/>
 * @code
 * ASSERT(++i,"i was zero after incrementing");
 * @endcode
 * instead always do
 * @code
 * ++i;
 * ASSERT(i,"i was zero after incrementing");
 * @endcode
 * <li> Give descriptive error messages. This one is a bit obvious but easy to do wrong, so I included
 * it here. An
 * @code
 * ASSERT(ptr,"Pointer was zero");
 * @endcode
 * wont help anyone. If you do <br/>
 * @code
 * ASSERT(ptr,"Second argument of function foo should have pointed to an object of type bar, but was zero.");
 * @endcode
 * instead, people will almost immidiately know what to look for.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <H2> Differences between ASSERT() and assert() </H2>
 *
 * This chapter is to explain why a custom ASSERT() macro was introduced and should be used in place
 * of the standard assert(). Here are the main differences between ASSERT() and assert().
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li> ASSERT() makes it easy to add a more verbose message about the nature of the failure. For
 * assert() it has become customary to add messages using constructs like
 * @code
 * assert(c>0 && "Counter should be at least 1");
 * @endcode in order to add descriptions. However both the syntax and the final output for this are
 * a bit awkward. The custom ASSERT() handles messages in a much better way, as well as making them
 * mandatory instead of optional.
 * <li> ASSERT() leaves the user and the programmer a choice how to handle an assertion. While the
 * assert() macro will always abort the program, the ASSERT() macro normally gives the user a choice on
 * what to do. For debugging it might also be interesting how a broken assumption influences the rest
 * of the program, so the assertion can also be ignored. Also the Exception mechanism allows
 * assertions to be part of unittests, whereas they would always fail if the assert() macro was used.
 * <li> ASSERT() does not unwind the stack (at least when compiled using gcc). The normal assert()
 * exits the program, which unwinds the stack and destroys any hope for recovering a stack trace.
 * ASSERT() on the other hand aborts the program using a special trap function, that leaves the
 * stack intact. This way, when the program is run inside a debugger the stack is still available
 * and can be inspected. This is the main reason, why it is safe to use ASSERT() to check function
 * parameters, whereas assert() would give problems in such cases.
 * <li> ASSERT() allows for hooks to be installed when the program exits. As mentioned above this
 * makes it possible to produce coredumps, make sure all files are in a usable state or other tasks
 * that have to be performed before killing the program.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <H2> Tips and tricks and FAQ </H2>
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li> <H4> ASSERT() is broken. When I abort the program it says something about an
 * "Illegal instruction"</H4>
 * The complaints about the illegal instruction after an abortion are no need to worry. This
 * illegal instruction is part of the trap that is used to exit the program while leaving the stack
 * intact. This illegal instruction can be detected by the debugger, which means it will give you the
 * usual prompt once it is encountered. The illegal instruction is guaranteed not to mess up anything,
 * so there is no need to worry about it.
 * <li> <H4> When compiling the program with $NON_GCC_COMPILER and then debugging it, it will
 * unwind the stack. I need the backtrace however to find the bug </H4>
 * The mechanism to preserve the stack is compiler specific. For now only a mechanism that is supported
 * by gcc is implemented, because this compiler is widely used. For other compilers the program
 * is simply exited, and the stack is destroyed. If you need a backtrace and you cannot use gcc you
 * have to figure out a way to have your compiler produce a trap instruction in the program. You might
 * want to use google to find out how to get your compiler to do that. For many compilers a
 * _asm {int 3} is said to work. Also for VC++ the instruction __debugbreak() might produce a trap.
 * Also dividing by zero is a hack that could be used as a last hope if you don't find a way to produce
 * traps with your compiler even after a longer search. If you found a way to handle the traps you can
 * then add the macro DEBUG_BREAK for your compiler and the stack will be preserved.
 * <li> <H4> I have a portion of the program that should never be executed. How can I assure this
 * using assert.</H4>
 * This is a common task for assertions. For example you might have an exhaustive switch/case where
 * the default value indicates that something went wrong. Simply use the following construct:
 * @code
 * switch(foo){
 *   case Bar:
 *     ...
 *     break;
 *   case Baz:
 *     ...
 *     break;
 *   ...
 *   default:
 *     ASSERT(0,"This switch should always be exhaustive.\nDid somebody add values to the enum?");
 * }
 * @endcode
  * </ul>
 */

namespace Assert{

  typedef void (*hook_t)(void);


  enum Action {Ask,Abort,Throw,Ignore,MAX_ACTION};
  extern const char  ActionKeys[MAX_ACTION];
  extern const char* ActionNames[MAX_ACTION];

  class AssertionFailure{
  public:
    AssertionFailure(std::string _condition, std::string _file, int _line, std::string _message);
    std::string getFile();
    int getLine();
    std::string getMessage();

    std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&);
  private:
    std::string condition;
    std::string file;
    int line;
    std::string message;
  };
}

#ifndef NDEBUG
  #ifndef STRINGIFY
    #define STRINGIFY(x) #x
  #endif

  #ifdef __GNUC__
    // on gcc we know how to exit to the Debugger
    #define DEBUG_BREAK __builtin_trap()
  #else
    #define DEBUG_BREAK exit(1)
  #endif

  #define ASSERT(condition,message) \
    do{\
      static bool ignore = false;\
      if(!ignore){\
        if(_my_assert::check((condition),STRINGIFY(condition),(message),__FILE__,__LINE__,ignore)){\
          _my_assert::doHooks();\
          DEBUG_BREAK;\
        }\
      } \
    }while(0)

  #define ASSERT_DO(action)    do{_my_assert::setDefault(action);}while(0)
  #define ASSERT_HOOK(hook)    do{_my_assert::addHook(hook);}while(0)
  #define ASSERT_UNHOOK(hook)  do{_my_assert::removeHook(hook);}while(0)
  #define ASSERT_DEFAULT       (_myAssert::printDefault())
#else
  // we need to do something, so this is the usual solution (e.g. assert.h)
  #define ASSERT(condition,message) (void)(0)
  #define ASSERT_DO(action)         (void)(0)
  #define ASSERT_HOOK(hook)         (void)(0)
  #define ASSERT_UNHOOK(hook)       (void)(0)
  #define ASSERT_DEFAULT            std::string("Deactivated")
#endif

//! @cond
class _my_assert{
public:
  static bool check(const bool res,
                    const char* condition,
                    const char* message,
                    const char* filename,
                    const int line,
                    bool& ignore);
  static void addHook(Assert::hook_t hook);
  static void removeHook(Assert::hook_t hook);
  static void doHooks();
  static void setDefault(Assert::Action);
  static Assert::Action getDefault();
  static std::string printDefault();
private:
  static Assert::Action defaultAction;
  static std::vector<Assert::hook_t> hooks;
};
//! @endcond


#endif /* ASSERT_HPP_ */